ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ:ပညာရမျာင်ဂျာမာန်
IPA | Examples | English approximation |
---|---|---|
/ / | Ball | ball |
/ / | ich, durch | hue |
/ / | dann | done |
/ / | Dschungel | jungle |
/ / | Fass, Vogel | fuss |
/ / | Gast | guest |
/ / | hat | hut |
/ / | ja | yard |
/ / | kalt, Tag | cold |
/ / | Last | last |
/ / | Mast | must |
/ / | Naht | not |
/ / | lang | long |
/ / | Pakt, hab | puck |
/ / | Pfahl | cupfull |
/ / | Rast | like a French R (a voiced uvular fricative)[၁] |
/ / | Wasser | fast |
/ / | Schal, Stein | shall |
/ / | Tal | tall |
/ / | Zahl | cats |
/ / | Matsch | match |
/ / | was | vanish |
/ /: [ ], [ ] | Bach[၂] | loch (Scottish) |
/ / | Hase[၃] | hose |
/ / | Genie | beige, measure |
[ ] | Beamter[၄] ([bəˈʔamtɐ]) |
the glottal stop in uh-oh! |
Stress | ||
Bahnhof ([ˈbaːnˌhoːf]) |
as in battleship [ˈbætəlˌʃɪp] | |
IPA | Examples | English approximation |
---|---|---|
Monophthongs | ||
/ / | Dach | bra (but shorter) |
/ / | Bahn | bra |
/ / | Beet | face |
/ / | Bett, hätte | bed |
/ / | wähle[၅] | as above but longer; like RP English barely |
/ / | viel | meet |
/ / | bist | sit |
/ / | Boot | somewhat like bone |
/ / | Post | boss |
/ / | Öl | somewhat like hurl; French deux |
/ / | göttlich | close to hurt or French sœur |
/ / | Hut | true |
/ / | Putz | took |
/ / | Rübe | French rue |
/ / | füllt | much like the above but shorter |
Diphthongs | ||
/aɪ̯/ | weit | tie |
/aʊ̯/ | Haut | how |
/ɔɪ̯/ | Heu, Räuber[၆] | boy |
Reduced vowels | ||
/ / | Ober[၇] | fun |
/ / | halte | comma |
Semivowels | ||
/ɐ̯/ | Uhr | uh |
/i̯/ | Studie | magnolia |
/u̯/ | aktuell | visual |
/y̯/ | Libyen | French huit |
Unstressed full vowels | ||
/ / | Methan | (short [eː]) |
/ / | vital | city (short [iː]) |
/ / | Moral | (short [oː]) |
/ / | Ökonom | (short [øː]) |
/ / | kulant | virtue (short [uː]) |
/ / | Psychologie | (short [yː]) |
နိဿဲ
ပလေဝ်ဒါန်- ↑ In free variation with [ʀ] and also — in Switzerland, Bavaria, and Austria — the voiced alveolar trill [r]. Compare /ɐ/.
- ↑ /x/ is realized as a uvular fricative [χ] after [a], [aː], and often [ʊ], [ɔ], and [aʊ].
- ↑ Predominantly realized as [z̥] (devoiced) or [s] (voiceless) in southern regions (Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria).
- ↑ The presence or absence of [ʔ] is not phonemic. In most standard varieties of German, all initial vowels are preceded by [ʔ]. However, this does not generally hold true for Swiss Standard German and most colloquial varieties.
- ↑ [ɛː] is often replaced by [eː], chiefly in northern and eastern Germany.
- ↑ Some references transcribe this diphthong as /ɔʏ/.
- ↑ Compare /ʁ/.